About the Authors

Bethany Levick

Contributed equally to this work with: Bethany Levick, Anne Laudisoit

b.a.levick@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliation Ecology, Evolution and Genomics of Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Anne Laudisoit

Contributed equally to this work with: Bethany Levick, Anne Laudisoit

Affiliation Ecology, Evolution and Genomics of Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Liesbeth Wilschut

Affiliation Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Elisabeth Addink

Affiliation Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Vladimir Ageyev

Affiliation M.Akimbayev’s Kazakh Science Centre for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Aidyn Yeszhanov

Affiliation M.Akimbayev’s Kazakh Science Centre for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Valerij Sapozhnikov

Affiliation M.Akimbayev’s Kazakh Science Centre for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Alexander Belayev

Affiliations M.Akimbayev’s Kazakh Science Centre for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Taldykorgan anti-plague station, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan

Tania Davydova

Affiliation Taldykorgan anti-plague station, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan

Sally Eagle

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mike Begon

Affiliation Ecology, Evolution and Genomics of Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AL MB. Performed the experiments: AL LW AY AB TD. Analyzed the data: BL AL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AB TD VS. Wrote the paper: BL AL MB LW EA AY VA. Advised on data analysis: SE.