About the Authors

Joe Geraghty

Affiliations Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Alexander Thumbs

Affiliation Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Anstead Kankwatira

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre 3, Malawi, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Tim Andrews

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Andrew Moore

Affiliations Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Rose Malamba

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre 3, Malawi

Neema Mtunthama

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre 3, Malawi

Kai Hellberg

Affiliation Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Lughano Kalongolera

Affiliation Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi

Paul O’Toole

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Andrea Varro

Affiliation Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

D. Mark Pritchard

Affiliations Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Melita Gordon

magordon@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre 3, Malawi, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

This (an unconditional award from Cook Medical) does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JG DMP LK AV MG. Performed the experiments: JG AT AK TA AM RM NM KH POT. Analyzed the data: JG TA AM DMP MG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TA AM. Wrote the paper: JG NM DMP AV MG.