About the Authors

Leah M. Feazel

Affiliation Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America

Stephanie A. Santorico

Affiliation Dept. of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America

Charles E. Robertson

Affiliation Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, United States of America

Mahfudh Bashraheil

Affiliation KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

J. Anthony G. Scott

Affiliations KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom

Daniel N. Frank

Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel N. Frank, Laura L. Hammitt

lhammitt@jhu.edu (LLH); Daniel.frank@ucdenver.edu (DNF)

Affiliations Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America, University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium (MiRC), Aurora, CO, United States of America

Laura L. Hammitt

Contributed equally to this work with: Daniel N. Frank, Laura L. Hammitt

lhammitt@jhu.edu (LLH); Daniel.frank@ucdenver.edu (DNF)

Affiliations KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Leah M. Faezel, Stephanie A. Santorico, Charles E. Robertson, Mahfudh Bashraheil declare no conflict of interest in publication of this study. J. Anthony G. Scott has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals and support for travel/accommodation at a meeting sponsored by Merck. Daniel N. Frank has received research funding from Pfizer Inc., and Laura L. Hammitt has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals and Pfizer Inc, and has participated in a Scientific Input Engagement For Merck. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LLH JAGS DNF. Performed the experiments: LMF DNF. Analyzed the data: LLH DNF SAS CER LMF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DNF. Wrote the paper: LMF JAGS DNF LLH. Coordinated study and oversaw recruitment of participants: MB.