About the Authors

Arjunan Subramanian

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119228, Singapore

Chui-Yee Fong

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119228, Singapore

Arijit Biswas

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119228, Singapore

Ariff Bongso

obgbongs@nus.edu.sg

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 119228, Singapore

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: A. Bongso CYF. Performed the experiments: AS. Analyzed the data: AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: A. Bongso CYF A. Biswas. Wrote the paper: A. Bongso CYF AS. Obtained written informed patient consent and ethical approval from the Institutional Domain Specific Review Board (DSRB), Ministry of Health, Singapore for the use of human umbilical cords and also provided clinical and scientific input: A. Biswas. Obtained grant support: A. Bongso CYF.