About the Authors

Alparslan Turan

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jing You

Affiliations Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Cameron Egan

Current address: Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Alex Fu

Current address: Department of Anesthesiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Ashish Khanna

Affiliation Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Yashar Eshraghi

Current address: Department of Anesthesiology, MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Raktim Ghosh

Current address: Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Somnath Bose

Affiliation Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Shahbaz Qavi

Affiliation Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Lovkesh Arora

Affiliation Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Daniel I. Sessler

Affiliation Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Anthony G. Doufas

agdoufas@stanford.edu

Affiliations Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AT JY CE AF AK YE RG SB SQ LA DIS AGD. Performed the experiments: AT JY CE AF AK YE RG SB SQ LA DIS AGD. Analyzed the data: JY. Wrote the paper: AT JY CE AF AK YE RG SB SQ LA DIS AGD.