About the Authors

Molly Rosenberg

mrosenb@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Audrey Pettifor

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Annelies Van Rie

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Harsha Thirumurthy

Affiliations Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Michael Emch

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

William C. Miller

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé

Affiliations MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana

Rhian Twine

Affiliation MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

James P. Hughes

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Oliver Laeyendecker

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Amanda Selin

Affiliation Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Kathleen Kahn

Affiliations MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MR AP AV HT ME WM. Analyzed the data: MR. Wrote the paper: MR AP AV HT ME WM FG RT JH OL AS KK. Design of the parent study: AP FG KK Collection, storage, laboratory testing and analysis of data from the parent study: FG JH OL AS RT Contributed to the interpretation of findings, critical review of manuscript and approval of final manuscript as submitted: MR AP AV HT ME WM FG RT JH OL AS KK.