About the Authors

Vijay P. Patil

vppatil@alaska.edu

Affiliations Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, United States of America, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada

Timothy J. Karels

Current address: Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada

David S. Hik

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TJK DSH VP. Performed the experiments: VP TJK DSH. Analyzed the data: VP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DSH TJK. Wrote the paper: VP DSH.