About the Authors

Gregory O’Mullan

gomullan@qc.cuny.edu

Affiliations School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

M. Elias Dueker

Affiliations School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

Kale Clauson

Affiliation School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America

Qiang Yang

Affiliation Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

Kelsey Umemoto

Affiliation Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, New York, New York, United States of America

Natalia Zakharova

Affiliation Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

Juerg Matter

Affiliations Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Martin Stute

Affiliations Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America, Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, New York, New York, United States of America

Taro Takahashi

Affiliation Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

David Goldberg

Affiliation Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GO MD KC QY JM MS TT DG. Performed the experiments: GO MD KC QY KU NZ JM MS TT DG. Analyzed the data: GO MD KC QY KU NZ JM MS TT DG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GO MD KC QY JM MS TT DG. Wrote the paper: GO MD KC QY KU NZ JM MS TT DG.