About the Authors

Takeshi Otsubo

Current address: Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan

Tadashi Okamura

Affiliation Section of Animal Models, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan

Teruki Hagiwara

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan

Yukihito Ishizaka

Affiliation Department of Intractable Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan

Taeko Dohi

dohi@ri.ncgm.go.jp (TD); kawamura@ri.ncgm.go.jp (YIK)

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan

Yuki I. Kawamura

dohi@ri.ncgm.go.jp (TD); kawamura@ri.ncgm.go.jp (YIK)

Affiliation Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa 272-8516, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YIK TD. Performed the experiments: T. Otsubo T. Okamura TH YIK. Analyzed the data: YI YIK TD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: T. Okamura YI. Wrote the paper: YIK TD.