About the Authors

Andrew M. Zipkin

amzipkin@gwmail.gwu.edu

Affiliation Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Mark Wagner

Affiliation Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Kate McGrath

Affiliation Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Alison S. Brooks

Affiliations Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America, Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution, US National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Peter W. Lucas

Affiliations Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AMZ MW ASB PWL. Performed the experiments: AMZ MW KM PWL. Analyzed the data: AMZ KM PWL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AMZ MW KM PWL. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: AMZ MW ASB PWL.