About the Authors

Karen S. Palmer

kpalmer@sfu.ca

Affiliation Faculty of Science Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Thomas Agoritsas

Affiliations Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Danielle Martin

Affiliation Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto and Medical Affairs and Health Systems Solutions at Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Taryn Scott

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Sohail M. Mulla

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Ashley P. Miller

Affiliation Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada

Arnav Agarwal

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Andrew Bresnahan

Affiliation Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Afeez Abiola Hazzan

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Rebecca A. Jeffery

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Arnaud Merglen

Affiliation Paediatric Outcome Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Division of General Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Ahmed Negm

Affiliation Rehabilitation School, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Reed A. Siemieniuk

Affiliation Department of General Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Neera Bhatnagar

Affiliation Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Irfan A. Dhalla

Affiliation St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

John N. Lavis

Affiliations Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, McMaster Health Forum, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Political Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

John J. You

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Stephen J. Duckett

Affiliation Grattan Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia

Gordon H. Guyatt

Affiliation Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare as follows: (1) KSP, DM, IAD, GHG have non-salary support from the Canadian Institute for Health Research for the submitted work; (2) JL, JJY report that their institution received reimbursement from Canadian Institute for Health Research for the submitted work; (3) TS reports salary from Canadian Institute for Health Research for the submitted work; (4) TA and AM each report grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation during the period the study was conducted; (5) No financial relationships in the previous 3 years with companies that might have an interest in the submitted work; (6) No non-financial interests that influenced the submitted work.

Author Contributions

Conceived of project: KSP DM IAD. Secured funds: KSP DM IAD GHG. Directed research project: KSP DM GHG. Served as PI: KSP. Directed methodology: GHG. Gave extensive input on methodology: TA. Research Coordinator and managed database: TS. Developed literature search terms: NB. Consultation on literature search terms development: KSP DM. Conducted literature search: NB. Screened titles/abstracts and full texts: KSP TA DM TS SMM APM. Abstracted data: TA SMM APM AA AB AAH RAJ AM AN RAS. Analyzed data in consultation with statistician: KSP TA TS GHG. Contributed to meta-analysis in consultation with statistician who performed meta-analysis: TA TS GHG. Analyzed non-pooled data: KSP GHG. Interpreted data: KSP TA DM TS AM JNL JYY SJD GHG. Wrote first draft: KSP TA DM. Reviewed and contributed to revisions of draft manuscript: KSP TA DM TS SMM APM AA AB AAH RAJ AM AN RAS NB IAD JNL JJY SJD GHG. Major contributors to final manuscript: KSP TA DM GHG. Approved final version of manuscript: KSP TA DM TS SMM APM AA AB AAH RAJ AM AN RAS NB IAD JNL JJY SJD GHG. Attended all or some of weekly teleconferences and face-to-face meetings over two years: KSP TA DM TS SMM APM AA AB AAH RAJ AM AN RAS NB IAD JNL JJY SJD GHG. Led end-of-grant knowledge translation: DM. Consultation on end-of-grant knowledge translation: KSP. Guarantors affirming that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained: KSP GHG.