About the Authors

Ireen E. Kiwelu

Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Vladimir Novitsky

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Elimsaada Kituma

Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania

Lauren Margolin

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeannie Baca

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rachel Manongi

Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania

Noel Sam

Affiliations Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania

John Shao

Affiliation Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania

Mary F. McLane

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Saidi H. Kapiga

Affiliations London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Kilimanjaro Reproductive Health Program, Moshi, Tanzania

M. Essex

messex@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: IEK VN RM NS JS MFM SHK ME. Performed the experiments: IEK VN EK LM JB MFM. Analyzed the data: IEK VN EK LM JB MFM ME. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IEK VN RM NS JS MFM SHK ME. Wrote the paper: IEK VN EK LM JB RM NS JS MFM SHK ME.