About the Authors

Erin Bargerstock

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Vikram Puvenna

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Philip Iffland

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America

Tatiana Falcone

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Mohammad Hossain

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Stephen Vetter

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Shumei Man

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Leah Dickstein

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Nicola Marchi

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Chaitali Ghosh

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Juliana Carvalho-Tavares

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Damir Janigro

janigrd@ccf.org

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Flocel, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

DJ holds two US patents on the use of S100B as a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption (Markers of Blood Barrier Disruption and Methods of using same -US 7,144,708 and Peripheral Marker of Blood Brain Barrier Permeability-US 6,884,591B2). DJ is employed by Flocel, Inc. Cleveland. DJ received 5 years ago income from a two year license of the S100B technology. The authors are not aware at this time of any organization which may benefit from the publication of this article. No diagnostic or use-related claims or data are contained herein. The Cleveland Clinic policy on Conflict of Interest has established a management plan with NIH guidelines and Cleveland Clinic policies. This does not alter The authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DJ. Performed the experiments: EB VP PI SM MH CG LD JCT SV. Analyzed the data: DJ EB VP CG NM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ TF. Wrote the paper: DJ EB VP CG.