About the Authors

Mousa Jafari

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Wen Xu

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Ran Pan

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Chad M. Sweeting

Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Desiree Nedra Karunaratne

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Pu Chen

p4chen@uwaterloo.ca

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

Pu Chen is a PLOS ONE editorial board member. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MJ WX RP PC. Performed the experiments: MJ WX RP CMS. Analyzed the data: MJ DNK PC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PC. Wrote the paper: MJ WX RP CMS PC.