About the Authors

Andrew J. Hardy

Affiliations Institute of Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Javier G. P. Gamarra

Affiliation Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom

Dónall E. Cross

Affiliations Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom

Mark G. Macklin

Affiliation Institute of Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom

Mark W. Smith

Affiliation School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Japhet Kihonda

Affiliation Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Gerry F. Killeen

Affiliations Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

George N. Ling’ala

Affiliation Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania

Chris J. Thomas

cjt@aber.ac.uk

Affiliation Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AJH JGPG DEC MGM MWS JK GFK CJT. Analyzed the data: AJH JGPG DEC CJT. Wrote the manuscript: AJH JGPG DEC MGM MWS GFK CJT. Field work and data collection: DEC AJH JK GNL.