About the Authors

Guanghua Zhang

Affiliations Key Lab of Computer Networks and Information Security of Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, College of Information Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China

Yuqing Zhang

zhangyq@nipc.org.cn (YZ); czhenguo@gmail.com (ZC)

Affiliations Key Lab of Computer Networks and Information Security of Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China, National Computer Network Intrusion Protection Center, Beijing, China

Zhenguo Chen

zhangyq@nipc.org.cn (YZ); czhenguo@gmail.com (ZC)

Affiliations School of Information Science & Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang, Liaoning, China, Department of Computer Science and Technology, North China Institute of Science and Technology, East Yanjiao, Beijing, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GZ YZ. Performed the experiments: GZ ZC. Analyzed the data: GZ YZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YZ. Wrote the paper: GZ YZ ZC.