About the Authors

Gordon E. Legge

*E-mail: legge@umn.edu

Affiliation Minnesota laboratory for Low-Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America

Paul J. Beckmann

Affiliation University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Bosco S. Tjan

Affiliation University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Gary Havey

Affiliation Advanced Medical Electronics Corporation (AME), Maple Grove, Minnesota, United States of America

Kevin Kramer

Affiliation Advanced Medical Electronics Corporation (AME), Maple Grove, Minnesota, United States of America

David Rolkosky

Affiliation Advanced Medical Electronics Corporation (AME), Maple Grove, Minnesota, United States of America

Rachel Gage

Affiliation Minnesota laboratory for Low-Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America

Muzi Chen

Affiliation Minnesota laboratory for Low-Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America

Sravan Puchakayala

Affiliation Minnesota laboratory for Low-Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America

Aravindhan Rangarajan

Affiliation Minnesota laboratory for Low-Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America

Competing Interests

The research was funded by a National Institutes of Health Grant (NIH) awarded jointly to Advanced medical Electronics (AME) with Kevin Kramer as PI, the University of Minnesota (Gordon Legge, PI) and the University of Southern California (USC, with Bosco Tjan as PI). For administrative purposes, the primary recipient of the grant was AME, with the University of Minnesota and USC funded through subcontracts to AME. Three of the authors—Gary Havey, Kevin Kramer and David Rolkosky—performed contributions to the project as employees of AME. This funding mechanism does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GEL PJB BST GH KK. Performed the experiments: PJB RG MC SP DR AR KK. Analyzed the data: GEL PJB BST RG MC AR. Wrote the manuscript: GEL PJB BST RG MC KK. Software and hardware design: GEL PJB BST SP GH KK DR.