About the Authors

Claire M. Nightingale

c.nightingale@sgul.ac.uk

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Alicja R. Rudnicka

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Christopher G. Owen

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Angela S. Donin

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Sian L. Newton

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Cheryl A. Furness

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Emma L. Howard

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Rachel D. Gillings

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Jonathan C. K. Wells

Affiliation Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Derek G. Cook

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Peter H. Whincup

Affiliation Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest directly related to this work. However, Jonathan Wells has received equipment from Bodystat for use in another study; the company had no influence over how the machine was used. Jonathan Wells has also received equipment and funding from Tanita UK for another study; the company had no influence over how the machines or funding were used.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CMN ARR CGO JCKW DGC PHW. Performed the experiments: CMN ASD SLN CAF ELH RDG. Analyzed the data: CMN. Wrote the paper: CMN PHW. Rritically reviewed the scientific content and approved the final version of the manuscript: CMN ARR CGO ASD SLN CAF ELH RDG JCKW DGC PHW.