About the Authors

Christopher W. Woodall

cwoodall@fs.fed.us

Affiliation US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Grant M. Domke

Affiliation US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Karin L. Riley

Affiliation College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America

Christopher M. Oswalt

Affiliation US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Susan J. Crocker

Affiliation US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Gary W. Yohe

Affiliation Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CWW GMD GWY. Performed the experiments: CWW GMD. Analyzed the data: CWW GMD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CWW GMD. Wrote the paper: CWW GMD KLR CMO SJC GWY.