About the Authors

Richard M. Martin

richard.martin@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, University of Bristol/University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research Bristol, Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rita Patel

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Emily Oken

Affiliation Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jennifer Thompson

Affiliation Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alexander Zinovik

Affiliation National Research and Applied Medicine, Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Michael S. Kramer

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Konstantin Vilchuck

Affiliation National Research and Applied Medicine, Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Natalia Bogdanovich

Affiliation National Research and Applied Medicine, Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Natalia Sergeichick

Affiliation National Research and Applied Medicine, Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Ying Foo

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Nina Gusina

Affiliation National Research and Applied Medicine, Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RMM EO MSK YF NG. Performed the experiments: AZ YF NG. Analyzed the data: RP JT AZ YF NG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NS YF NG. Wrote the paper: RMM EO MSK YF. Acquisition of fieldwork data: NB KV NS. Supervision of fieldwork: NB KV NS. Administrative, technical and material support: RP JT AZ KV NB NS.