About the Authors

Rosemary E. Regan

Affiliation Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

James Duffin

j.duffin@utoronto.ca

Affiliations Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Joseph A. Fisher

Affiliations Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have the following interests: JAF is Chief Scientist and JD is Senior Scientist at Thornhill Research Inc. (TRI), a spin-off company from the University Health Network that developed the RespirAct™. RespirAct™ is currently a non-commercial research tool made available for this research by TRI. This study was partly funded by a non-directed grant from Thornhill Research Inc. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RER JAF. Performed the experiments: RER. Analyzed the data: RER JD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JD. Wrote the paper: RER JD JAF.