About the Authors

Shaun Scholes

s.scholes@ucl.ac.uk

Affiliation Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Madhavi Bajekal

Affiliation Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Paul Norman

Affiliation School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Martin O’Flaherty

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Nathaniel Hawkins

Affiliation Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mika Kivimäki

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Simon Capewell

Affiliation Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Rosalind Raine

Affiliation Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The following competing interests have been declared. SS and MB have support from Legal and General Assurance Society Limited for the submitted work. PN, MOF, NH, MK, SC, RR have no relationships with Legal and General Assurance Society Limited that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years. Their spouses, partners, or children have no financial relationships that may be relevant to the submitted work. SS, MB, PN, MOF, NH, MK, SC and RR have no non-financial interests that may be relevant to the submitted work. SC was a member of the NICE Programme Development Group on CVD Prevention in Populations. However, this manuscript does not necessarily represent the views of NICE. The authors have declared that no other competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors'adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SS. Performed the experiments: SS. Analyzed the data: SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS PN. Wrote the manuscript: SS MB PN MOF NH MK SC RR.