About the Authors

Gabriel G. Perron

gperron@bard.edu (GGP); mmdesai@fas.harvard.edu (MMD)

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America, Department of Evolutionary and Organismic Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America, Biology Program, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, 12504, United States of America

Lyle Whyte

Affiliation Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada

Peter J. Turnbaugh

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California, 94143, United States of America

Jacqueline Goordial

Affiliation Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada

William P. Hanage

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public School, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America

Gautam Dantas

Affiliations Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, United States of America, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Park Forest Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, United States of America

Michael M. Desai

gperron@bard.edu (GGP); mmdesai@fas.harvard.edu (MMD)

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America, Department of Evolutionary and Organismic Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GGP LW WPH MMD. Performed the experiments: GGP LW PJT JG. Analyzed the data: GGP PJT MMD JG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LW GD PJT JG. Wrote the paper: GGP LW PJT JG WPH GD MMD.