About the Authors

Jun Xu

Affiliation Columbia Nanomechanics Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Yibing Li

Affiliation State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety & Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Yong Xiang

xichen@columbia.edu (XC); xiang@uestc.edu.cn (YX)

Affiliation State Key Lab of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Energy Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Xi Chen

xichen@columbia.edu (XC); xiang@uestc.edu.cn (YX)

Affiliations Columbia Nanomechanics Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, International Center for Applied Mechanics, SV Lab, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JX YX XC. Performed the experiments: JX YL. Analyzed the data: JX XC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JX YX XC. Wrote the paper: JX XC.