About the Authors

Victor Bochuan Wang

Contributed equally to this work with: Victor Bochuan Wang, Song-Lin Chua

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Song-Lin Chua

Contributed equally to this work with: Victor Bochuan Wang, Song-Lin Chua

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Bin Cao

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Thomas Seviour

Affiliation Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Victor J. Nesatyy

Affiliation Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Enrico Marsili

Affiliation Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Staffan Kjelleberg

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Michael Givskov

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Tim Tolker-Nielsen

Affiliation Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Hao Song

Affiliation School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Joachim Say Chye Loo

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Liang Yang

yangliang@ntu.edu.sg

Affiliations Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: VBW SLC BC TS VJN EM SK MG TTN HS JSCL LY. Performed the experiments: VBW SLC TS VJN EM LY. Analyzed the data: VBW SLC TS VJN EM LY. Wrote the paper: VBW SLC TS VJN EM LY.