About the Authors

Robert M. Northington

rnorthin@vt.edu

Affiliation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Jackson R. Webster

Affiliation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Ernest F. Benfield

Affiliation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Beth M. Cheever

Affiliation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Barbara R. Niederlehner

Affiliation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JRW EFB BRN. Performed the experiments: RMN BMC. Analyzed the data: RMN. Wrote the paper: RMN JRW.