About the Authors

Philippe R. Mutwa

mutwaph@gmail.com

Affiliations Kigali University Teaching Hospital (KUTH)/Department of Pediatrics, Kigali, Rwanda, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jennifer Ilo Van Nuil

Affiliations Wayne State University, Department of Anthropology, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America, University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Projet Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda

Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera

Affiliation Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Evelyne Kestelyn

Affiliations Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Projet Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda

Joseph Vyankandondera

Affiliations Kigali University Teaching Hospital (KUTH)/Department of Pediatrics, Kigali, Rwanda, Projet Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda, Belgian Development Agency, Kigali, Rwanda

Robert Pool

Affiliation Centre for Social Science and Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

John Ruhirimbura

Affiliation Treatment and Research on HIV/AIDS Centre (TRAC-plus)/Outpatients Clinic, Kigali, Rwanda

Chantal Kanakuze

Affiliation Treatment and Research on HIV/AIDS Centre (TRAC-plus)/Outpatients Clinic, Kigali, Rwanda

Peter Reiss

Affiliation Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sibyl Geelen

Affiliations Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Utrecht University Children’s Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands

Janneke van de Wijgert

Affiliations Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Projet Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda

Kimberly R. Boer

Affiliations Academic Medical Centre, Department of Global Health/Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AMC-AIGHD), Kigali, Rwanda and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Biomedical Research, Epidemiology Unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PRM EK JV RP JVDW KRB PR SPG. Performed the experiments: PRM JR CK KRB. Analyzed the data: PRM JIVN BAK EK JV KRB. Wrote the paper: PRM JIVN BAK EK JV KRB JVDW RP SPG PR.