About the Authors

Grant M. Domke

gmdomke@fs.fed.us

Affiliation USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Christopher W. Woodall

Affiliation USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Brian F. Walters

Affiliation USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

James E. Smith

Affiliation USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GMD CWW. Analyzed the data: GMD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GMD BFW JES. Wrote the paper: GMD CWW.