About the Authors

Shin-ichiro Nakagawa

Contributed equally to this work with: Shin-ichiro Nakagawa, Yuichi Hirata

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Yuichi Hirata

Contributed equally to this work with: Shin-ichiro Nakagawa, Yuichi Hirata

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Takeshi Kameyama

Affiliation Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Yuko Tokunaga

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Yasumasa Nishito

Affiliation Center for Microarray Analysis, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Kazuko Hirabayashi

Affiliation Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Junichi Yano

Affiliation Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Takahiro Ochiya

Affiliation Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Japanese National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Chise Tateno

Affiliation PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

Yasuhito Tanaka

Affiliation Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

Masashi Mizokami

Affiliation Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, International Medical Center of Japan Konodai Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

Affiliation Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Kazuaki Inoue

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Makoto Yoshiba

Affiliation Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Akinori Takaoka

Affiliation Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Michinori Kohara

kohara-mc@igakuken.or.jp

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

With regards to competing interest, Shin-ichiro Nakagawa, Kazuko Hirabayashi, and Junichi Yano are employees of Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. Chise Tateno is an employee of PhoenixBio Co. Ltd. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Performed the experiments that investigated the antiviral effects of the LIC-pIC complex and the molecules that it induced: SN. Performed the analyses of type-III IFNs, both in vitro and in vivo: YH. Established the system for analysis of the type-III IFNs: Y. Tokunaga. Performed Microarray analysis: YN. Performed the in vitro analyses: TK AT. Conceived and designed the experiments: MK. Analyzed the data: MK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KH JY TO CT Y. Tanaka MM KT-K KI MY. Wrote the paper: SN YH.