About the Authors

Teresa N. Hollingsworth

Contributed equally to this work with: Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Jill F. Johnstone

thollingsworth@fs.fed.us

Affiliation USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America

Jill F. Johnstone

Contributed equally to this work with: Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Jill F. Johnstone

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Emily L. Bernhardt

Affiliation Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America

F. Stuart Chapin III

Affiliation Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TNH JFJ FSC ELB. Performed the experiments: ELB TNH FSC. Analyzed the data: TNH JFJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TNH JFJ FSC ELB. Wrote the paper: TNH JFJ FSC.