About the Authors

Anelena L. de Carvalho

Affiliation Graduate Program in Forest Science, National Institute for Amazon Research, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil

Bruce W. Nelson

bnelsonbr@gmail.com

Affiliation Ecology Department, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil

Milton C. Bianchini

Affiliation Graduate Program in Ecology, Instituto de Criminalística do Amazonas - IC/Departamento de Polícia Técnico Científica – DPTC/Polícia Civil do Estado do Amazonas – PCAM, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil

Daniela Plagnol

Affiliation Ecology Department, Graduate Program in Ecology, National Institute for Amazon Research, Manaus, Brazil

Tatiana M. Kuplich

Affiliation National Institute for Space Research, Southern Region (INPE/CRS), Santa Maria, Brazil

Douglas C. Daly

Affiliation The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Provided many of the remote sensing images used in analysis: TMK. Conceived and designed the experiments: BWN DP DCD. Performed the experiments: ALC BWN MCB DP. Analyzed the data: ALC BWN MCB DP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TMK. Wrote the paper: ALC BWN TMK DCD.