About the Authors

Hedi Schelleman

Affiliation Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Warren B. Bilker

Affiliations Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiololgy Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Stephen E. Kimmel

Affiliations Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiololgy Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gregory W. Daniel

Affiliation Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform, The Brookings Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Craig Newcomb

Affiliation Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

James P. Guevara

Affiliations Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiololgy Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, PolicyLab: Center to Bridge Research, Practice, and Policy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Mark J. Cziraky

Affiliation HealthCore, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, United States of America

Brian L. Strom

Affiliations Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiololgy Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Sean Hennessy

hennessy@upenn.edu

Affiliations Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiololgy Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts. All authors received salary support from Shire through their employer. Dr. Schelleman has had travel to scientific conferences paid for by pharmacoepidemiology training funds contributed by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Dr. Bilker has consulted for Johnson and Johnson, unrelated to ADHD medications. Dr. Kimmel has consulted for Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Ortho-McNeil, and other pharmaceutical companies, all unrelated to ADHD medications. Drs. Daniel and Cziraky are employed by HealthCore Inc. which conducts research for and receives funding from pharmaceutical manufacturers for research services. Dr. Strom is the principal investigator of a training program funded in part by Abbott and Novartis and has consulted for several pharmaceutical companies that make ADHD medications, unrelated to these drugs. Dr. Hennessy has had grant funding from Abbott and has consulted for Abbott and Teva, unrelated to ADHD medications. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HS WB SK GD CN JG MC BS SH. Performed the experiments: HS WB CW SH. Analyzed the data: HS WB CW SH. Wrote the paper: HS WB SK GD CN JG MC BS SH.