About the Authors

Byron Ballou

bbal@andrew.cmu.edu

Affiliation Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Susan K. Andreko

Affiliation Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Elvira Osuna-Highley

Affiliations Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Institute for Complex Engineered Systems (ICES), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Michael McRaven

Affiliation Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Tina Catalone

Affiliation Department of Natural Science, De Sales University, Center Valley, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Marcel P. Bruchez

Affiliations Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Thomas J. Hope

Affiliation Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Mohamed E. Labib

Affiliation Advanced Biodevices, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal’s policy and have the following conflict: Mohamed E. Labib is an employee of Advanced Biodevices. Methods described in this study relate to a pending patent submitted by Advanced Biodevices. There are no further products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MEL BB SKA MMcR MPB TJH. Performed the experiments: BB SKA EOH TC MMcR. Analyzed the data: BB SKA EOH TC MMcR TJH MEL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BB EOH TJH MPB. Wrote the paper: BB SKA.