About the Authors

James Ndirangu

Contributed equally to this work with: James Ndirangu, Johannes Viljoen

jndirangu@africacentre.ac.za (JN); jviljoen@africacentre.ac.za (JV)

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Johannes Viljoen

Contributed equally to this work with: James Ndirangu, Johannes Viljoen

jndirangu@africacentre.ac.za (JN); jviljoen@africacentre.ac.za (JV)

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Ruth M. Bland

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Siva Danaviah

Affiliation Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa

Claire Thorne

Affiliation MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Philippe Van de Perre

Affiliations INSERM U, Montpellier, France, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie et Département d’Information Médicale, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France

Marie-Louise Newell

Affiliations Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Please note that co-author Dr. Claire Thorne is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MLN RMB PVP. Performed the experiments: JN JV SD. Analyzed the data: JN CT MLN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JN JV SD PVP RMB CT MLN. Wrote the paper: JN. Supervised day-to-day running of the study: RMB. Provided oversight in lab procedures and quantifications: PVP RMB MLN. Provided oversight in statistical data analysis and interpretation: CT MLN.