About the Authors

Yonas I. Tekle

ytekle@spelman.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Biology Department, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kaare M. Nielsen

Affiliations Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, Genøk-Center for Biosafety, Research Park, Tromsø, Norway

Jingzhou Liu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Melinda M. Pettigrew

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Lauren A. Meyers

Affiliations Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Alison P. Galvani

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jeffrey P. Townsend

Affiliations Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Graduate Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YIT KMN APG JPT. Performed the experiments: YIT JL. Analyzed the data: YIT JL LM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YIT APG JPT. Wrote the paper: YIT KMN PG JPT MP LM.