About the Authors

Yuki Kita

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuki Kita, Toshinari Takamura

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Toshinari Takamura

Contributed equally to this work with: Yuki Kita, Toshinari Takamura

ttakamura@m-kanazawa.jp

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Hirofumi Misu

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Tsuguhito Ota

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Seiichiro Kurita

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Yumie Takeshita

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Masafumi Uno

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Naoto Matsuzawa-Nagata

Affiliation Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Ken-ichiro Kato

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Hitoshi Ando

Affiliation Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan

Akio Fujimura

Affiliation Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan

Koji Hayashi

Affiliation Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan

Toru Kimura

Affiliation Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan

Yinhua Ni

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Toshiki Otoda

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Ken-ichi Miyamoto

Affiliation Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Yoh Zen

Affiliation Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Yasuni Nakanuma

Affiliation Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Shuichi Kaneko

Affiliation Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan

Competing Interests

Koji Hayashi and Toru Kimura are on the staff of Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, which deals in metformin. Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma supported the study by materials but has no role in the study design and has no financial interest of the results. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TT. Performed the experiments: YK HM S. Kurita YT MU NMN KK HA KH TK Y. Ni T. Otoda YZ. Analyzed the data: YK TT KH TK YZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KH TK. Wrote the paper: YK TT HM. Contributed to discussion: YK TT HM T. Ota AF KM Y. Nakanuma S. Kaneko.