About the Authors

Natalia Tiberti

Contributed equally to this work with: Natalia Tiberti, Alexandre Hainard

Affiliation Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Alexandre Hainard

Contributed equally to this work with: Natalia Tiberti, Alexandre Hainard

Affiliation Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Veerle Lejon

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Bertrand Courtioux

Affiliations INSERM UMR1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, Limoges, France

Enock Matovu

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

John Charles Enyaru

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Xavier Robin

Affiliation Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Natacha Turck

Affiliation Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Krister Kristensson

Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi

Affiliation Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, D. R. Congo

Gedeão M. L. Vatunga

Affiliation Instituto de Combate e Controlo das Tripanossomíases, Luanda, Angola

Sanjeev Krishna

Affiliation Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Infection, St. George’s, University of London, London, Great Britain

Philippe Büscher

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Sylvie Bisser

Affiliations INSERM UMR1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, Limoges, France

Joseph Mathu Ndung’u

Affiliation Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland

Jean-Charles Sanchez

Jean-Charles.Sanchez@unige.ch

Affiliation Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Competing Interests

SK, VL and PB were consultants for the Foundation for New Innovative Diagnostics (FIND) at the moment of the analyses. JMN is employee of the Foundation for New Innovative Diagnostics (FIND). All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: N. Tiberti AH JCS VL JMN. Performed the experiments: N. Tiberti AH. Analyzed the data: N. Tiberti AH JCS N. Turck XR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: VL BC KK DMN GV PB SB XR. Wrote the paper: N. Tiberti AH VL BC EM JCE XR N. Turck KK DMN GV SK PB SB JMN JCS. Suggested neopterin as a marker for second stage infection: SK. Help with interpretation of data: VL SK SB JMN.