About the Authors

Lynne K. Warrander

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Gauri Batra

Affiliation Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom

Giovanna Bernatavicius

Affiliation St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Susan L. Greenwood

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Philip Dutton

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Rebecca L. Jones

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Colin P. Sibley

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Alexander E. P. Heazell

alexander.heazell@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliation Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AH RJ SG CS. Performed the experiments: AH RJ SG LW PD G. Bernatavicius G. Batra. Analyzed the data: LW PD AH RJ G. Batra. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS. Wrote the paper: LW G. Batra G. Bernatavicius SG PD RJ CS AH. Obtained funding: AH CS. Recruited the patients: G. Bernatavicius AH. Collected the placental tissue: LW G. Bernatavicius RJ AH. Performed experimental analyses: LW RJ SG AH. Collected data from patient notes: G. Bernatavicius AH.