About the Authors

Nicole D. Fogarty

fogartyn@si.edu

Current address: Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America

Steven V. Vollmer

Affiliation Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America

Don R. Levitan

Affiliation Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NDF SVV DRL. Performed the experiments: NDF SVV. Analyzed the data: NDF DRL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NDF SVV DRL. Wrote the paper: NDF. Edited and revised manuscript: SVV DRL. Trained NDF in fertilization ecology: DRL.