About the Authors

Cristina Correia

Contributed equally to this work with: Cristina Correia, Warren L. Grayson

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

Warren L. Grayson

Contributed equally to this work with: Cristina Correia, Warren L. Grayson

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Miri Park

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Daphne Hutton

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Bin Zhou

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

X. Edward Guo

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Laura Niklason

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Rui A. Sousa

Affiliation 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

Rui L. Reis

Affiliation 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic

gv2131@columbia.edu

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CC WLG LN GV-N. Performed the experiments: CC MP DH BZ. Analyzed the data: CC WLG XEG RAS RLR GV-N. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XEG WLG. Wrote the paper: CC WLG GV-N.