About the Authors

Kevin B. Smith

ksmith1@unl.edu

Affiliation Department of Political Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Douglas Oxley

Affiliation Department of Political Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America

Matthew V. Hibbing

Affiliation School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America

John R. Alford

Affiliation Department of Political Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America

John R. Hibbing

Affiliation Department of Political Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KBS DRO MVH JRA JRH. Performed the experiments: KBS DRO JRH. Analyzed the data: KBS DRO MVH JRA JRH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KBS JRH. Wrote the paper: KBS DRO MVH JRA JRH.