About the Authors

Martin Sikora

Affiliation Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS – UPF – PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Hafid Laayouni

Affiliations Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS – UPF – PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Clara Menendez

Affiliations CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona, Spain, The Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique

Alfredo Mayor

Affiliations Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona, Spain, The Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique

Azucena Bardaji

Affiliations Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomedicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona,Barcelona, Spain, The Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique

Betuel Sigauque

Affiliation The Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique

Mihai G. Netea

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Ferran Casals

Current address: Centre de Recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Affiliation Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS – UPF – PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Jaume Bertranpetit

jaume.bertranpetit@upf.edu

Affiliations Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), CEXS – UPF – PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MS FC JB. Performed the experiments: MS FC. Analyzed the data: MS HL FC JB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CM AM AB BS JB. Wrote the paper: MS MGN FC JB. Field work and epidemiology: CM AM AB BS Immunological discussions: MGN.