About the Authors

Debbie A. Lawlor

d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliation MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Lois Kim

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Richard Morris

Affiliation Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Antoinette Amuzu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Peter Whincup

Affiliation Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Shah Ebrahim

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DAL. Performed the experiments: DAL RM PW SE. Analyzed the data: DAL LK RM. Wrote the paper: DAL LK RM AA PW SE. Managed the study dataset: AA.