About the Authors

Matthew C. Phipps

Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew C. Phipps, William C. Clem

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

William C. Clem

Contributed equally to this work with: Matthew C. Phipps, William C. Clem

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Shane A. Catledge

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Yuanyuan Xu

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Kristin M. Hennessy

Affiliation Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Vinoy Thomas

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Michael J. Jablonsky

Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Shafiul Chowdhury

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Andrei V. Stanishevsky

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Yogesh K. Vohra

bellis@uab.edu (SLB); ykvohra@uab.edu (YKV)

Affiliations Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Susan L. Bellis

bellis@uab.edu (SLB); ykvohra@uab.edu (YKV)

Affiliations Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Center for Nanoscale Materials and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MCP WCC YKV SLB. Performed the experiments: MCP WCC SAC YX KMH VT MJJ SC. Analyzed the data: MCP WCC SLB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AVS. Wrote the paper: MCP WCC.