About the Authors

Will Fischer

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Vitaly V. Ganusov

Contributed equally to this work with: Vitaly V. Ganusov, Elena E. Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, Brandon F. Keele, Thomas Leitner

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Elena E. Giorgi

Contributed equally to this work with: Vitaly V. Ganusov, Elena E. Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, Brandon F. Keele, Thomas Leitner

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America

Peter T. Hraber

Contributed equally to this work with: Vitaly V. Ganusov, Elena E. Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, Brandon F. Keele, Thomas Leitner

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Brandon F. Keele

Contributed equally to this work with: Vitaly V. Ganusov, Elena E. Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, Brandon F. Keele, Thomas Leitner

Affiliation SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Thomas Leitner

Contributed equally to this work with: Vitaly V. Ganusov, Elena E. Giorgi, Peter T. Hraber, Brandon F. Keele, Thomas Leitner

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Cliff S. Han

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Cheryl D. Gleasner

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Lance Green

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Chien-Chi Lo

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Ambarish Nag

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Timothy C. Wallstrom

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Shuyi Wang

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Andrew J. McMichael

Affiliation Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom

Barton F. Haynes

Affiliation Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Beatrice H. Hahn

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Alan S. Perelson

Affiliation Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Persephone Borrow

Affiliation The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Compton, United Kingdom

George M. Shaw

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Tanmoy Bhattacharya

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Bette T. Korber

btk@lanl.gov

Affiliations Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WF BFK AJM BFH BHH PB GMS BK. Performed the experiments: BFK CSH CDG LG SW PB. Analyzed the data: WF VVG EEG PTH CCL AN TCW ASP TB BK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WF VVG EEG BFK TL CCL PB GMS TB BK. Wrote the paper: WF VVG PTH TL GMS TB BK. Supervised aspects of data analysis: ASP.