About the Authors

Grant Mackenzie

gmackenzie@mrc.gm

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Serign J. Ceesay

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Philip C. Hill

Affiliation Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Michael Walther

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Kalifa A. Bojang

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Judith Satoguina

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Godwin Enwere

Affiliation Meningitis Vaccine Program, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Ferney-Voltaire, France

Umberto D'Alessandro

Affiliation Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Debasish Saha

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Usman N. A. Ikumapayi

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Tim O'Dempsey

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

David C. W. Mabey

Affiliation London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Tumani Corrah

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

David J. Conway

Affiliation Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Richard A. Adegbola

Affiliations Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Brian M. Greenwood

Affiliation London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GM PH MW KB JS UD TO DCM DJC RA BG. Performed the experiments: GM SJC KB JS GE UD DS UI TO DCM TC. Analyzed the data: GM BG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GM MW KB UD TO DCM TC DJC RA BG. Wrote the paper: GM. Contributed significantly to analyse and write the paper: SJC PH MW DJC RA BG.