About the Authors

Kunda John

jkundas@yahoo.com

Affiliations Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Julie Fitzpatrick

Affiliation Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Nigel French

Affiliation Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Rudovick Kazwala

Affiliation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Dominic Kambarage

Affiliation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Godfrey S. Mfinanga

Affiliation Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania

Alastair MacMillan

Affiliation Veterinary Research Directorate, Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom

Sarah Cleaveland

Affiliation Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KJ JF NF RRK DK GSM APM SC. Performed the experiments: KJ APM. Analyzed the data: KJ JF NF RRK GSM SC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SC. Wrote the paper: KJ JF NF RRK DK GSM SC.