About the Authors

Sidney Omelon

Affiliation Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

John Georgiou

Affiliation Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Zachary J. Henneman

Affiliation Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America

Lisa M. Wise

Affiliations Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Balram Sukhu

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Tanya Hunt

Affiliations Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Chrystia Wynnyckyj

Affiliations Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Douglas Holmyard

Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Ryszard Bielecki

Affiliation Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Marc D. Grynpas

grynpas@lunenfeld.ca

Affiliations Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SO JG DH. Performed the experiments: SO JG LMW BS CW RB. Analyzed the data: SO JG ZJH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JG LMW BS TH DH RB MDG. Wrote the paper: SO JG ZJH. Contributed the bone mineralization frame and theory: MDG. Performed the initial DAPI experiments: RB.