About the Authors

Catherine M. Stein

kasia@darwin.cwru.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

Sarah Zalwango

Affiliation Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

LaShaunda L. Malone

Affiliation Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Sungho Won

Current address: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Harriet Mayanja-Kizza

Affiliations Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University School of Medicine and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda

Roy D. Mugerwa

Affiliations Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University School of Medicine and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda

Dmitry V. Leontiev

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Cheryl L. Thompson

Affiliation Department of Family Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Kevin C. Cartier

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Robert C. Elston

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Sudha K. Iyengar

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

W. Henry Boom

Affiliations Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

Christopher C. Whalen

Current address: University of Georgia College of Public Health, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Athens, Georgia, United States of America

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Uganda – CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CMS RCE SKI WHB CCW. Analyzed the data: CMS LLM SW CLT KCC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CMS LLM DVL CLT KCC SKI WHB. Wrote the paper: CMS RCE SKI WHB CCW. Patient collection and clinical characterization, study coordination: SZ HMK RM.