About the Authors

Akihiro Horii

Affiliations Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Xiumei Wang

Affiliation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Fabrizio Gelain

Affiliations Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Bioscience and Biotechnology Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy

Shuguang Zhang

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Shuguang@mit.edu

Affiliation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

SZ is one of the inventors of the self-assembling peptides and also a co-founder of 3DM, Inc., a MIT startup that licenses the peptide scaffold patents to BD Biosciences for research distribution. We both purchased RADA16-I (PuraMatrix) from BD Biosciences and received as a gift from 3DM.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SZ FG AH. Performed the experiments: FG AH XW. Analyzed the data: SZ FG AH XW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FG AH XW. Wrote the paper: SZ FG AH XW.